The new experiment on CERN that opened the possibility of the existence of multiverses. (Credit: CERN)

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The new experiment on CERN that opened the possibility of the existence of multiverses. (Credit: CERN)

The latest results from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN are a hot topic right now, but they’re hardly the first scientific discovery of the LHC. The LHC has seen many successes, but its most recent claim to fame is something very different—it announced the possibility of something as seemingly mundane as multiple universes.

CERN’s LHC accelerator can produce a proton-proton collision at its collisions and CERN scientists have been investigating the results of the collisions at the highest energies they can. And the results were surprising.

CERN scientists say that at the highest energy collisions, they found evidence of a new particle—something they haven’t ever seen before. The new particle has a mass of about 125-126 GeV (gigaelectronvolts), an energy that the LHC is operating at in its first phase. The Higgs is also the one that gives mass to other particles—like the proton. So if they found the Higgs, then they might have finally found the proton, too.

Unfortunately for researchers, the new particle is highly unstable, so physicists will be looking at the data in more detail to make sure they can rule out other theoretical models. But for now, they think they have something. It’s called a Higgs-like boson—it has the same properties as the Higgs boson. If the discovery proves out, then there could be an even more exciting consequence—there could be more than one universe.

A New Theory of Physics

The standard model is the most accepted theory of physics that describes how particles interact and behave. It was created in the 1960s to explain the four forces that are seen in the universe: electromagnetism, the weak nuclear force, the strong nuclear force and the gravitational force. It describes those four forces using the ideas of symmetry.

The standard model of particle physics is based on four properties:

Conservation of energy.

Conservation of momentum.

Locality.

Invariance under transformations.

Those four rules are what we teach in high school and why we still need the standard model, even though it’s been developed for almost 50 years.

The standard model tells us that particles have a spin—a property of motion and direction. It doesn’t tell us how they interact or how they move around. That’s why physicists need more. They want to find new particles that fit in the same category as quarks. There have been many new ideas to explain the four forces that the standard model doesn’t explain. Some of the most recent ideas are supersymmetry and supersymmetric theories.

Supersymmetry

The theory of supersymmetry is one of the most exotic, and the least popular, ideas in all of physics. It’s very theoretical and we really have no idea how supersymmetry is supposed to work. It predicts that we are not alone in the universe. Every particle we’ve seen is supposed to have a much bigger partner. The partner is so big that we’ve never seen it, but that doesn’t mean it doesn’t exist.

According to this theory, every matter particle has a supersymmetric partner with all the same quantum numbers, but a different spin. The partner is called a sparticle. It’s also not in any way related to us. Supersymmetry predicts a particle we haven’t seen, the graviton. The idea of supersymmetry is that the universe would contain a particle, the graviton, that isn’t observed yet.

There are many new experimental challenges associated with supersymmetry. If supersymmetry were true, particles should be more easily observed in the TeV range, which means that we would be able to see the graviton as well as supersymmetric particles like the gravitino and the photino. We can’t. The theory may not be correct at this time.

Supersymmetric theories have lots of particles. This is also unusual, in theory. The supersymmetric partners of all known particles are heavier than the observed particles. The partners are too heavy for the TeV range.

Supersymmetry works best when all particles are close to each other, all the way up to a certain scale. That scale is called the supersymmetry breaking scale. It can be anywhere from a few hundred GeV to a few TeV.

The idea of supersymmetry was first suggested in the seventies by physicists like Sheldon Glashow, but it was later abandoned. The idea was reintroduced in the mid eighties. It was then revived in the early nineties, but then again it was abandoned, only to be re-introduced in the late nineties. In the nineties, supersymmetry was in a lot of trouble. The theory’s predictors were too difficult to test. However, new and surprising experiments came in in the late nineties and revived supersymmetry, until now.

At the moment, the evidence for supersymmetry is: it is a good theoretical idea, and it is difficult to disprove the theory. No one has observed any supersymmetric particles. There is not even any strong evidence that supersymmetry breaking occurs.

The standard model may or may not be the true theory of nature, but it is certainly more complete than any other theory. This is the most successful theory in the world today, but it is based on some assumptions that are now no longer valid.

Although many physicists believe the standard model to be the correct theory, there is still a lot that needs to be done. New physics is hiding in the unknown quantities. Perhaps supersymmetry is the answer? Maybe! Who knows!

References:

- The Higgs boson:

J. W. Hinson, Phys. Rev. D [**25**]{} (1982) 2936;

A. Martin, Phys. Lett. B [**404**]{} (1997) 137;

A. Martin, Phys. Lett. B [**389**]{} (1996) 560;

A. Albrecht, Phys. Rev. D [**48**]{} (1993) 3532;

A. Albrecht, T. Hambye, F.L. Jones and D. J. Reinders, Phys. Lett. B [**350**]{} (1995) 225;

This is a satirical website. Don't take it Seriously. It's a joke.

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